Affixes

Prefixes

முன்னொட்டு (Prefix) என்பது ஒரு மூலச் சொல் அல்லது வேர் சொல்லின் முன் ஒட்டாக இணைந்து பயன்படும் எழுத்துக்கள் ஆகும். இன்னொருவகையில் இதனை "விகுதி" என்றும் அழைகலாம்.

இவ்வாறு முன்னொட்டுகளோடு சொற்கள் சேர்ந்து வரும் போது சொற்களின் அர்த்தம்(meanig), வகை (class) மாறுபடுகின்றது. பின்வரும் அட்டவணையை நோக்குக.

prefix	meaning / use	Meaning Tamil	anti + noun		anti + adjective
anti + adjective/noun	opposite against	எதிர்மாறான/எதிராக	, anti-climax, anti-tank, anti-hero , anti-aircraft, anti-theft device / anti-European		anti- clockwise antisocial,
Bi + noun	two	இரு	bilingual, biculture, bi-metalism
co + noun / verb	together	ஒன்றாக	co + noun		co + verb
			Cohabit, co-chairman, co captain, coactions		coexist, co-produced, cofocus ,  cofound,
dis + verb	negative/opposite	இன்மை/எதிர்மாறான நடவடிக்கை	Dislike, disembark, dishonest, disadvantage, disappear, disagreeably
il + adjective	opposite	அற்ற	Illegal, illogical,
im + adjective	opposite	அற்ற	Impossible, immorally ,
in+adjective	opposite	அற்ற	Indirect, inexpensive,
inter + adjective	between	இடையிலே	Intercontinental, inaccessible, inadmissible, inadequate, Inapplicable, inaudible,
ir + adjective	opposite	அற்ற	irregular
mis + verb	wrongly/ badly	தவறாக	mistook ,mishandle, mislead, misinform, misidentify
over + verb + adj.	too much	அளவு மீறிய	Overwork, overload, overconfident, overjoyed
out + verb	more	மிகையளவான	Outnumber, outgrow, outlive, outwit, outnumber
post + noun / verb	after	பின்	post + noun	post + verb		Post+ adj.
			Postgraduate, postproduction	postdate, postpone postmark		post-industrial
pre + noun / verb	before	முன்	pre + noun		pre + verb
			pre- arrangement, pre-plan		Prepay, prefix
pro + noun / adjective	in favour of	சார்பான	pro + noun		pro + adj.
			pro-Unions , pro-European		Proactive, prolong
Re + noun / verb	again	மீண்டும்	Re + noun		Re + verb
			restructure, refinance		revisit, reappear, rebuild,
sub + adjective	below	கீழ்ப்பட்ட	Substandard, subway, submarine,  subset,
super + noun/ adjective	greater than	மிக மேன்மையான	Superhuman, super-rich, superglue
trans + noun / verb /	across	கடந்து	transplant ,transcontinental, transatlantic, transform
un + verb / adjective	negative / opposite	அற்ற/ எதிர்மாறான நடவடிக்கை	un + adj., noun, adv		un + verb
			unhappy, unable, uncouple, unhealthy,  unconscious, unconsciously,		Unlock, unbend, unfasten, untie,
under + verb	not enough/too little	போதாத/கீழான	undercook / undercharge

Suffixes

பின்னொட்டு(Suffix) என்பது ஒரு மூலச் சொல் அல்லது வேர்ச் சொல்லின் பின் ஒட்டாக இணைந்து பயன்படும் எழுத்துக்கள் ஆகும். இவ்வாறு பின்னொட்டுக்களோடு சொற்கள் சேர்ந்து வரும் போது சொற்களின் அர்த்தம், வகை மாறுபடுகின்றது.

-ness (nouns from adjectives)                                                                    -tion / -sion (nouns from verbs) 

Verb	Noun
confess	confession
confuse	confusion
decide	decision
divide	division
revise	revision
impress	impression
profess	profession
educate	education
inform	information
combine	combination

Adjective	Noun
Happy	happiness
Tidy	tidiness
Weak	weakness
Soft	softness
Open	openness
Aware	awareness
Mild	mildness
Nervous	nervousness
Forgetful	forgetfulness
Tired	tiredness

...........

                                         -

-ship (noun from N/V/Adj) Noun Collective noun censor censorship partner partnership scholar  scholarship dealer  dealership workman workmanship apprentice apprenticeship

 -ment (nouns from verbs and adjectives)  

Verb/Adjective	Noun
agree	agreement
pay	payment
employ	employment
argue	argument
merry	merriment
appoint	appointment
annul	annulment
pronounce	pronouncement
enrol	enrolment
enjoy	enjoyment

.....

-ity (nouns from adjectives)

Adjective	Noun
active	activity
stupid	stupidity
curious	curiosity
mobile	mobility
real	reality
tranquil	tranquillity

ance / -ence (nouns from adjectives and verbs)      

Adjectives / verbs	Noun
attend	attendance
accept	acceptance
prefer	preference
insure	insurance
refer	reference
exist	existence
silent	silence

............

-ship (noun from N/V/Adj)

Noun	Collective noun
censor	censorship
partner	partnership
scholar	scholarship
dealer	dealership
workman	workmanship
apprentice	apprenticeship

.....

-hood (collective noun from noun)

Noun/verb/adj	Noun-abstract
brother	brotherhood
widow	widowhood
neighbour	neighbourhood
child	childhood
live	livelihood (V→N)
false	falsehood (Adj→N)

..............

-ful  - meaning --full of                                                    

                           

Noun	Adjective
beauty	beautiful
skill	skilful
wonder	wonderful
success	successful
awe	awful
delight	delightful

   - less - meaning – without/இல்லாமல்    

Noun	Adjective
power	powerless
use	useless
friend	friendless
home	homeless
worth	worthless
penny	penniless

....

-ous - meaning --quality, nature                                                                                -

Noun	Adjective
poison	poisonous
courtesy	courteous
danger	dangerous
mystery	mysterious
nerve	nervous
victory	victorious

some- meaning –producing ;likely to

Noun	Adjective
Middle	meddlesome
fear	fearsome
quarrel	quarrelsome
Whole	wholesome
Toil	toilsome
Venture	venturesome
Four	Foursome
Tire	tiresome

......

.....

Other affixes which is used to form adjective from noun.

SUFFIX	NOUN              ADJECTIVE
-AL     (relating to)	accident – accidental region – regional	brute – brutal person – personal	region – regional universe –universal
-ARY  (relating to quality or place)	custom – customary compliment – complimentary	moment – momentary honour – honorary	caution – cautionary diet – dietary
-IC  (having the nature of; caused by)	athlete – athletic photograph – photographic	base – basic science – scientific	history – historic rhythm– rhythmic
-ICAL  (having the nature of)	magic – magical practice – practical	logic – logical statistic – statistical	history – historical alphabet – alphabetical
-ISH  (origin, nature)	fool – foolish sheep – sheepish	child – childish pink – pinkish	self – selfish girl – girlish
-LIKE ( like)	like – lifelike child – childlike	lady – ladylike bird – birdlike	war – warlike spring – springlike
-LY (like)	friend – friendly day – daily	cost – costly order – orderly	month – monthly coward – cowardly
-Y  (like)	rain – rainy mess – messy	fun – funny dirt – dirty	dirt – dirty spot – spotty

Verb to adjective

-ive- meaning --causing effect

Verb	Adjective
attract	attractive
posses	possessive
create	creative
prevent	preventive
select	selective
destruct	destructive

Other affixes which is used to form adjective from verb.

SUFFIX	VERB             ADJECTIVE
-ABLE  able, can do	agree – agreeable pass – passable	expand – expandable remark – remarkable	laugh – laughable pay – payable
-IBLE  able, can do	access – accessible flex – flexible	force – forcible permit – permissible	sense – sensible force – forcible
-ANT  performing agent	please – pleasant resist – resistant	rely – reliant vacate – vacant	ignore – ignorant comply – compliant
-ENT  performing agent	excel – excellent urge – urgent	depend – dependent differ – different	confide – confident equal – equivalent
-ING  causing effect	amuse – amusing relax –relaxing	excite – exciting surprise –surprising	confuse – confusing amaze – amusing
-ED  receiving effect	amuse – amused relax – relaxed	excite – excited surprise – surprised	confuse – confused overwhelm – overwhelmed
-EN  receiving effect	freeze – frozen braze – brazen	lighten – lightened shorten – shortened	darken – darkened widen – widened

Verb to Personal Noun

SUFFIX	VERB – PERSONAL NOUN
-ANT / ENT person	attend– attendant  assist – assistant	inform – informant correspond – correspondent	preside – president reside – resident
-EE	appoint – appointee attend – attendee	pay – payee trust – trustee	divorce – divorcée  (V/N) license – licensee (V/N) refuge – refugee (N→N)
-IST	tour – tourist	type – typist

Adverb formation with “ly”

Adjective	Adverb
Late	Lately
Right	Rightly
Hopeful	Hopefully
Real	really
Angry	Angrily
Happy	Happily
Easy	easily
Possible	Possibly
Able	Ably
Academic	Academically
Classic	Classically

Have a glance at word formation

Verb	Noun	Adjective	Adverb
care	care	careful	careful
act	action	active	actively
Firm	firmness	firm	firmly
insult	insult	insulting	insultingly
back	Back	Back	back
clean	clean	clean	clean
close	close	close	close
……………………………..	……………………………….	………………………………..	…………………………………….
……………………………..	……………………………….	………………………………..	…………………………………….
……………………………..	……………………………….	………………………………..	…………………………………….

Activity

Select and add a correct prefix to the following words.

dis over pre in im co- dis mis il un mis

 

    1.       _____________________________ dependent.

    2.       _____________________________ polite.

   3.       _____________________________ driver.

   4.       _____________________________ approve.

  5.       _____________________________ behave.

  6.       _____________________________ logical.

  7.       _____________________________ zip.

  8.       _____________________________ inform.

  9.       _____________________________ agree.

 10.   _____________________________ eat.

  11.   _____________________________ historic.

Add suffix to the following words and create nouns

Column-A		Column-A	Column-B
react		hungry
act		helpful
connect		responsible
Animate		complex
opt		hilarious
instruct		scarce
Discuss		independent
Recess		admit
confuse		important
tense		appear
Comprehend		exist
manage		absent
improve		friend
achieve		partner
develop		member
amuse		relation
great		child
sad		adult
coarse		Neighbour

Use the words in brackets to form a word that suits in the blanks

     1.Ampaani is renowned for the…………………………  of cars.(PRODUCE)

     2. If you make a good……………………….  at the interview, you will get the job.(IMPRESS)

     3.Teaching and medicine are more than…………………….. , they're noble professions.(OCCUPY)

     4.My history teacher has a vast ……………………………………………… of Kandian Kingdom.                    (KNOW)

     5.You should obtain some …………………………..(QUALIFY)                                                    

     6. My greatest……………………… was winning essay competition (ACHIEVE)

     7. The weatherman said there is a strong …………………….. of rain today.(POSSIBLE)

      8.Some old techniques are no longer………………….. .(EFFECT)

      9. Anurathapura is ……………………… for its ancient buildings.(FAME)

     10.He was caught on burglary so now he has a………………………..  record.(CRIME)

     11. Despite her severe …………………., she fulfilled her goals in life.(DISABLE)

     12. Being………………..  is the worst thing that can happen to someone.(EMPLOY)

     13.If you buy presents in the new year season your ………………………. can be very high.(SAVE)

     14. with ………………..of  the pilot, the co-pilot managed to land safely.(GUIDE)

      15.I was surprised at his ……………………….. to give up.(REFUSE)

      16.Children are………………………….. of danger of colourful sweets.(AWARE)

      17.  She is always…………………………………. towards her parents.(RESPECT)

      18.Lanka hospital has the best medical……………………………  and fast ambulances.(EQUIP)

      19. You can relax in the comfortable…………………………. of the hotel.(SURROUND)

      20.I like the elegant …………………..of the house(enter)

Use the negative prefixes and the adjectives given to complete the sentences

possible - honest - sociable - patient legal - responsible - pleasant - polite

 

   1. My aunt's children are so……………………………. They never say please and thank you.

    2.  Kiyas's really …………………... He never tells the truth.

    3. I wish I wasn't so…………………………, but I really don't like going out or talking to new people.

   4. Don't be so………………………….. . I'll be ready in 5 minutes.

    5. Kopal can be really………………………… sometimes. She seems like upsetting people.

   6. This maths problem is…………………………. I can't do it.

   7. I wouldn't ask my cousin brother to look after my little brother. He's too …………………………..

   8. In SriLanka, it's……………………………………… to buy cigarette product under the age of 17.

Test 9 (O/L – 2013)

Fill in the blanks in each sentence by using the correct form of the word given within brackets. The first one is done for you.

(1) The  announcement (announce) of closing the school early surprised everyone

(2) Artists must be……………………………..……(create) and not just repeat what they see or hear

(3) Music and dancing are two forms of……………………………..…… (entertain)

(4) ……………………………..…… (Science) have not proved yet that there is life on other planets

(5) Thusitha wants to be an……………………………..…… (electric) when he leaves school

(6) We need to know your ……………………………..…… (decide) as soon as possible

(5 marks)

Test 10 (O/L – 2012)

Some words in the following passage are incorrect. They are underlined. Write the correct form of the word in the space provided. The first one is done for you.

Many companies advertise jobs in the "Job Vacancies" section of newspapers. Typically a job 1.advertise includes a brief outline of the 2.responsible of the post and the qualifications expected.

 While newspapers are still a 3. value source of getting 4. inform about job vacancies, “could calling' is another source a person interested in working in an 5. organize can explore. This is the process of calling over the phone, e-mailing or 6. person visiting a company, seeking a job.

1.            Advertisement

2.            …………………………………………….

3.            …………………………………………….

4.            …………………………………………….

5.            …………………………………………….

6.            …………………………………………….

(5 marks)

Test 9 (O/L – 2011)

Underline the most suitable word in the brackets. The first one is done for you.

It is a well known fact that an advertisement must be (1) ……………………………..…… (attractive/attract/attraction). It must get the (2) ……………………………..…… (attend/attention/attendant) of the reader or the viewer.

The language of an advertisement must be clear and (3)................................... (easily/ easiness/easy ) understood. The reader or the viewer must be able to (4)................................... (response/respondent/respond) to the advertisement.

So (5)..................... (Beauty/beautiful/beautify) words are a must in an advertisement. An advertisement which doesn't persuade people to buy a product is a................................... (Fail/failing/failure).(5 Marks)

Test 09 (O/L – 2010)

Underline the most suitable word in the brackets. The first one is done for you.

While I was abroad l picked up a mystery (1) ...................................  (infect/infection/infectious). My doctor sent me to see a (2) ................................... (special/specially/specialist) because he didn't recognize my symptoms. After a through (3)...................................  (examine/examination/examiner) he asked a nurse to give me an (4) ..............................  (inject/ injector/injection). Although the arm was quite (5) ...................................   (pain/painful /painfully)  for several days, my (6) ...................................  (recover/recoverable/recovery) was quick. (5 marks)

Test 11 (O/L – 2008)

Complete the following paragraph using the words given in brackets to form a word that fits the blank space. The first one is done for you.

We love to see birds in their different  (differ) range of colours . Recently a three day (2) ................................... (exhibit) of photographs featuring birds was held in Galle. The title of it was “The Feathers”. The young (3) ................................... (Photograph) who had organized it told us that he became a bird watcher quite unexpectedly. His (4) ...................................  (curious) about birds turned into a love of bird-watching and then he had started to photograph them. The (5) ................................... (select) on display showed how far and wide he had travelled. His photographing of birds had made him quite (6) ...................................(knowledge) about the birds and their habitats.

(5 marks)

............